first Emperor of France (2 December 1804 – 6 April 1814, also 1 March – 22 June 1815). Napoleon Bonaparte, the second son of Charles Bonaparte and Letizia Ramolino, was a commanding general in the revolutionary army of the First French Republic. After 1799 Brumer 18 took power in a coup d'état on November 11. appointed First Consul, 1802 - Consul for life. in 1804 May 18 Proclaimed Emperor of France by the Senate. in 1804 December 2 crowned in Notre Dame de Paris.
As an army commander and head of state, Napoleon tried to thwart the British attacks against France and its Revolution from 1792. created a coalition of European monarchies. With successful military campaigns, he managed to dismantle the first four coalitions and strengthen the power of France in Europe, which reached its peak in 1807. after concluding the Peace of Tilžė.He constantly carried out state and social reforms. The French territory was maximally expanded in 1812, it consisted of 134 departments, and Rome, Hamburg, Barcelona and Amsterdam were the centers of the French departments. From 1802 to 1805, Napoleon was the president of the Italian Republic, and from 1805 to 1814. King of Italy, as well as protector of the Union of the Rhine (since 1806). His victories allowed France to annex large territories and control almost all of continental Europe, appointing members of Napoleon's family as rulers of other monarchies: Joseph became kings of Naples and Spain, Louis of Holland, Jerome of Westphalia, Joachim Murat of Naples. Napoleon Bonaparte created the Duchy of Warsaw without formally restoring Poland's independence, and temporarily took over the defeated European states - the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire - under his influence.
Napoleon tried to strengthen the system of French overseas colonies created by the old regime, in 1802. returned slavery, but from 1803 to 1810 the British took control of all the French colonies. Unconquered Britain built and financed coalitions against France and eventually won decisive battles with the Allies in Spain (Battle of Victoria) and Germany in 1813. (Battle of Leipzig).After the defeat in the battle of Leipzig and the occupation of Paris by the opponents in 1814. was forced to abdicate and exiled to the island of Elba, from where in 1815 fled and briefly regained power - this period is also known as the Hundred Days period. He was later defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. March 18 and exiled to St. Helena Island, where in 1821 and died.
There are also opinions that Napoleon was poisoned by arsenic, as large doses of arsenic were found in surviving hair samples, but more recent research rejects this version. Napoleon's personal doctor recorded in his death certificate that Napoleon died of stomach cancer, which is confirmed by the latest research.
Napoleon was also famous as a great chess player, Napoleon's Debut is named after him.
